People Whose Native Language Is Not English

Individuals whose local language isn't English, yet who wish to learn English as a subsequent language, must learn English as another dialect, as an ability, as an extra methods for correspondence. They need to figure out how to articulate unusual words, and which syllables to stress, and what rhythms and apparent pitches ought to be utilized. In any case, individuals whose primary language is English don't need to go to class to get familiar with these things, they learn it naturally, from their folks, their family members, their companions and from regular life.For model, they don't need to ‘learn' the syntax structure, or the different structures for past, present and future tenses; they simply secure that capacity subliminally and intuitively, from sheer introduction to the language; they don't intentionally ‘know' the guidelines of sentence structure, and they presumably couldn't clarify them. By the age of three, or possibly prior, they just consequently comprehend what words to use in numerous circumstance and what structure those words ought to take.However, later, as a component of their formal instructive preparing, they will have ‘English' exercises at school, alongside different subjects, for example, Geography and History and Mathematics and so forth. They might be given composing practice, and the chances to peruse writing that will grow their correspondence and learning abilities. They will be urged to peruse and compose stories and verse, and will be offered chances to turn out to be increasingly more acquainted with their local tongue and how it is utilized in various manners to impart data and thoughts. They don't have to figure out how to ‘understand' the English language.They would already be able to do that, yet by doing ‘English' as a school subject, they will grow their jargon; find elective, and perhaps better, approaches to communicate. In doing as such, any little ‘mistakes' in their English will be rectified en route. ) SUMMARY †¢Those who are learning English as a ‘second language' are learning it as a completely new dialect. It is difficult to do this, however certainly justified regardless of the exertion. †¢Native-English speakers don't need to learn ‘English', they as of now ‘know' English! Yet, by learning English as a school subject, their characteristic ‘English' is upgraded and created.

Remembering the Alamo Essay

This article is obviously about the Alamo. It gives a short history of the fight at the Alamo and the characters that took an interest there. It quickly specifies that there are presently realities and history of the Alamo being contested among numerous students of history today. This article additionally offers remarks concerning the incredible impact The Alamo has had in today’s culture, alluding to the numerous creations based off this memorable occurring. Each time I recollect the Alamo motivation fills my chest. I love to recall the incredible saints that battled so bold and valiantly despite the restriction; a merciless despot (Santa Anna) and the abuse he could exact. A significant number of the individuals that possessed second Chance Texas moved there for fundamentally one explanation and one explanation only†¦ another opportunity. The greater part of them, having persevered through hard lives and moving to another nation, territory and way of life were not going to surrender their natural rights to a Mexican tyrant. While many got the opportunity and chance to get the hell out of Dodge, they decided to remain and safeguard what was legitimately theirs thus they did. These bold men, drove by Travis, Bowie and Crockett, stood firm at the Alamo that will be recollected until the end of time. They gave their lives not for enormity, however they earned that and more at long last, they gave their lives for what they lived for and that should have been free. We shouldn’t contend or disagreement regarding the respectable and good history of these incredible men, doing so we corrupt there story with our obliviousness. Not these men may have lived incredible, yet every one of them passed on extraordinary in seeing ALL AMERICANS. Recall THE ALAMO.

Hidden Benefits and Detriments of Complaining

Hidden Benefits and Detriments of Complaining Stress Management Management Techniques Print Hidden Benefits and Detriments of Complaining By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on January 06, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Peter Dazeley/Getty Images Many effective stress management techniques focus on the benefits of a positive outlook. Positive thinking brings great benefits, and a cheerful attitude can be contagious in the most enjoyable way. A constant focus on the negative can obscure many of the joys of life, can dampen an attitude of gratitude, and can be experienced as an energy drain to others. That said, complaining is a pastime that can be found in most groups, if not most people. There are some stress-relieving benefits to complaining, though they diminish when complaining slips into a more serious mode of anger and rumination. Voicing frustrations in small doses, however, does have its place as a stress reliever. Here are some of the reasons why people are often prone to complaining. Sometimes We Need to Vent Like a shaken bottle of carbonated goodness, when we are under pressure, we can sometimes feel the urge to explode in complaints. Letting it all out can relieve the inner tension we feel from a difficult situation, and help us feel ready to face the next frustration. Sometimes we just need to blow off steam by expressing ourselves. Validation Feels Good Often when we are frustrated or feel wronged in some way, feeling emotional validation from another person is like a salve for our bruised egos. Hearing someone say, I know how you feel. Id be frustrated too! can feel like a warm hug. After getting some quick validation, like scraped-up children who have just received a kiss from mom, we feel confident to venture back out and face our problems. Solutions Can Feel Even Better Approaching a problem as a team can pool the strengths of several people at once. Complaining to others about what is bothering you opens you up to their input, and perhaps some solutions you hadnt thought of. People often engage in complaining as a way to ask for help. We May Need Another Perspective When we are too close to a situation, it is common to see only our own perspective and to see the problems we face as magnified and sometimes distorted. Sometimes it helps to tell a trusted friend what we are facing and see if there is something were not seeing, or if theres a different way to look at the same situation. If we are open to hearing new input, it can be quite helpful to step outside of our own point of view and see what others think of our complaints. The Benefits of Getting a New Perspective Sometimes looking at something in a different way can dissolve our anger and frustrations, or can open up new solutions and possibilities for coping. We May Need to Build Motivation Sometimes we know we need to make a change  but simply arent ready to take the risks and put in the effort quite yet. We need to build motivation. Focusing on what is difficult about a situation can be a way to build motivation to make a change. Its part of the process of getting there. Complaining Gets Things Done Just as the squeaky wheel gets the oil, sometimes voicing ones complaints is a way to get things fixed. If you complain to someone who is in a position to make changes, and if you use a diplomatic approach, complaining in this way can be much more effective in relieving stress than  saying nothing, since the polite complaint approach can get results. Complaining, however, can be damaging as well. When a few venting sessions turn into a continual habit, or a few people venting their frustrations turns into a group of constant complainers, we get into more stress-inducing territory. Here are some of the pitfalls of too much complaining. Focus on the Problem, Not Potential Solutions While complaining can be a means to build motivation, it does keep the focus on the problem rather than on potential solutions. If you spend too much time complaining, you can work yourself into a place of resigned acceptance, of sheer rage, or of feeling stuck, rather than of motivation to change. Pessimistic Outlook Research shows that there are many benefits to an optimistic outlook  and pitfalls to a pessimistic one. Attitudes can work like habitsâ€"we get used to thinking a certain way, and we start automatically taking that perspective. A habitual focus on the negative can bring a habitually pessimistic perspective. Free-Floating Anger When you focus on the things about which people chronically complain, you risk becoming more and angrier. This anger can take on a life of its own, and you can start feeling more angry about more and more things. This anger can lead to relationship and health issues and is not good for you. Negative Groups Complaining can be contagious. What might start as a group of people offering one another validation and solidarity can sometimes begin to resemble an angry mob. If you find that you and your friends habitually complain about the same things and dont feel better afterward, it may be time to look at new topics of focus. Drain on Others If you dont have the support of the group, this can be detrimental as well. Those who frequently complain can be experienced as energy vampires by others. Be careful that your complaints dont become so heavy that they overwhelm your listener. The problems we complain about often need solutions, and the stress of these challenges must be minimized and managed. Clearly, complaining has some benefits and can be a way to relieve stress, in small doses. But excessive complaining about the problems, big or small, just isnt an effective solution. Cut out complaining, and youre much more likely to see the world with optimism and gratitude.

Human Resource - 2202 Words

Part 1 The group decision making process Description Humans are small group beings. We always have been and we always will be. The ubiquitousness of groups and the inevitability of being in them makes groups one of the most important factors in our lives. As the effectiveness of our groups goes, so goes the quality of our lives. (Johnson and Johnson 2003: 579). Since I have studied in Exeter University, I have been taught to study in a group, which is totally different from my undergraduate course. In Human resource management class, we have been divided in three groups, there are seven people in my group.who are from China, Malaysia and Japan. Following Gibbs model of reflection(1988), this essays will illustrate five steps, which†¦show more content†¦I will link this theory to our group decision making. In order to complete human resource management course work which was a role play about company interview, firstly we defined the requirement of the role play. Then we collected relevant information and gathered our ideas. Thi rdly, we listed alternative options, one was only interviewer and candidate, the other was includingShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource And Human Resources2538 Words   |  11 Pages Human resources departments, has fueled the need for exceptional talent, Human resources is a departments, in some companies it has become a global workforce. Human resource offered Challenges, however, on the positive side, people can be hired for all kind of opportunities† human resources can consist of a group of people or one person. Human resources is over hiring, firing, training, and managing, also supplying a good benefit package, many companies has a human resource department whichRead MoreHuman Resources : Human Resource Professionals1709 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource professionals use several different methods to make sure that they have the best employees they can possibly have, as well as attain new ones. Human resources is a job all about the people that one works with. It is a job that keeps people safe, makes sure one’s rights are protected, helps generate a profit through the type of employees one hires, and a job that strives to give employees every opportunity to succeed. The hospitality industry is one which people are the main ingredientRead MoreHuman Resources And The Human Resource Department2150 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Human Resources are concerned with the management of people within an organization, not only to minimize internal issues but to also ensure a highly functional workforce. The department is responsible for recruiting suitable candidates, identifying and meeting the training needs of existing staff, ensuring employees welfare and safety, and raising awareness of current workplace legislation (BBC, 2014). In addition to the above responsibilities, the Human Resources Department alsoRead MoreHuman Resources And Human Resource Management10880 Words   |  44 PagesHuman Resources Defined As a Salon Owner you may have heard the term Human Resources as these departments started showing up in small to large companies in the late 1960’s. The purpose of these departments was to have specialists that advised their Corporate Management staff on everything from hiring to performance management. Normally the department would be headed up by a person who was qualified, experienced and had formal education in Human Resource Management from an accredited college or universityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human resource management Introduction As storey (2001) explains that human resource management concept is typical approach to business which quest to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic disposition of dedicated and committed human work force using array of values, culture, personnel and structural techniques. In simple word Human resource denotes to employees that help to run and drives an organisation which is also the main workforce of any organisationRead MoreHuman Resources And The Human Resource Department1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Resource department is considered to be the most important department for the development and progress of the work processes of the concerned organization. The HR department plays the most crucial role in managing the desired activities of the employees of an organization as well as it recruits the skilled employees to the firm. This research paper will help in explaining the process by which the Human Resource adds desired values to an organization. For any of t he particular firm, theRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources938 Words   |  4 PagesHuman resource management is becoming higher in demand everyday. Employment for human resource manager is projected to grow 9 percent from 2014 to 2024 (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2016). On average this occupation is growing faster than most occupations. Over the 5 years to November 2019 jobs that will open for Human resource management is expected to be above average employing between 25,001 and 50,000 more (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2016; Human Resource Manager, 2015). Whenever newRead MoreHuman Resource Department : The Human Resources Department816 Words   |  4 Pagestalented employees. The human resources department has had an important role and underappreciated role in employee hiring and retention. Through the use of strategic human resource planning, human resources departments are able to benefit a company both directly and indirectly. A direct benefit of the human resources department is the support the department provides to line managers. Human resource department staff are available to provide support to line managers, but human resource staff should notRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources925 Words   |  4 Pagesyou were to ask any human resources professional what their responsible functions were you would receive many different responses based on their department. â€Å"No two human resources departments have precisely the same roles because of differences in organization sizes and characteristics of the workf orce, the industry, and management values.† (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhard, Wright, 2016). Even though the roles in the departments are different, the functions that human resources are supportive of remainRead MoreHuman Resources And Human Resource Management1286 Words   |  6 PagesAs I have written this essay I have come to the conclusion that the organisational structure is defined by its human resources processes. Human Resources (HR) or Human Resource Management (HRM) depending on your view point, has ultimately defined employees as a commodity. Where once there was security and familiarity within our employment; â€Å"security, permanent flux and change without beginning or end have become the established norm and this has had a consequential impact on the attitudes of employees

Ecological Modernisation Provides an Equivalent Policy Paradigm for Corporate Social Responsibility Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Modernization as coming to be viewed as a method of social scientific construction of reforming environmental practices and policies at various levels of the modern world. In this regard, ecological modernization focuses on how social actors, institutions, and individuals can meld environmental issues in daily activities. The overall result is that environmental concerns are becoming a focal point in relations and institutionalization together with modern values, cultures and daily conduct. is emerging as a fashionable new term to describe recent changes in environmental policy and politics. Its growing popularity derives in part from the suggestive power of its combined appeal to notions of development and modernity, and to ecological critique. One of the most significant aspects of this emerging trend is the emphasis it places on narrowing the gap between economic interests and environmental depletion. Three movements may be said to have contributed to the emergence of ecologica l modernization. First, the published a report, Our Common Future, popularly known as the Brundtland Report in 1987.12 The Brundtland Report aimed at putting the protection of the environment together with economic development on the forefront of both political and public agendas on a global level. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecological Modernisation Provides an Equivalent Policy Paradigm for Corporate Social Responsibility or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The third ecological modernization movement can be attributed to Al Gore s publication of An Inconvenient Truth: The Crisis of Global Warning in 2006.15 Gore s treatise highlighted the reality of the physical destruction of the environment and argued that anyone who cared about the environment would take responsibility for it by either producing or consumer products or services that were environmentally friendly.

Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(70) " of the upper limbs which is the initial presentation in MND and ALS\." In this essay I will discourse a patient who had been enduring from Amyotrophic Lateral induration a signifier of Motor Neurone Disease which is a progressive, chronic and debilitating disease. I will discourse the consequence this disease has on the organic structure, look at differential diagnosing, the cardinal status impacting the organic structure by this disease, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology and the associated pharmacological medicine that are all prevalent with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Motor Neurone Disease is a general term for a few differential discrepancies of the diseases which are combined under the one umbrella ( see appendix A ) the specific disease I will discourse is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this point Motor Neurone Disease will be known as MND and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis known as ALS. The patient I attended was a 53 twelvemonth old who had been enduring from ALS. The patient when we arrived had died but had been in the terminal phases of the disease. In speaking with the household and acquiring a good societal and household history it became evident that this patient had led an active life style until she was diagnosed with ALS. In the early phases this patient managed herself but rapidly became unable to pull off her daily attention and required aid, due to the ALS the patient was known to us but I had ne’er attended to them before. In treatment with paramedic who I was on with they gave me a brief history of the patient so I was prepared when I went in. ALS comes under the umbrella of MND which affects the nervous system ( see Appendix B ) and can be divided into two countries the lower taking to muscle weakness/wasting ( wasting ) and the upper taking to stiffness, abnormally active physiological reactions by and large nonvoluntary and each impacting dif ferent countries of the organic structure in changing grades. The forecast for ALS is Death, as it affects the upper and lower nervous system ( see Appendix B1 ) . MND It is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease, nevertheless depending on countries affected it may take a few old ages or it can take longer. There is no remedy for MND and the pharmacological medicine is restricted. The pharmacological medicine for the patient was Riluzule in the early phases can decelerate down the devastation of the motor nerve cells as it is a neuroprotector, Baclofen is prescribed as a musculus relaxer which is used to handle the cramps and stiffness caused by the musculuss, Dantrolene is prescribed to handle long term musculus cramps and stiffness though it can besides do liver harm, Diazepam ( diazepam ) is prescribed for its ataractic consequence and helps command the musculus cramp and stiffness these along with other general medicines and with the aid of psychological and emotional s upport signifier household, friends and other bureaus all assisted the patient with get bying with their ALS. This patient was in ventilatory failure which is the terminal phase of the disease. On Arrival the patient was still on the ventilator and the Patients ‘ household were around her they stated that she had been experiencing ailing different signifier the disease itself and that she had non been herself, the patient was still able to pass on utilizing her eyes although this was going a strain on her and was now passing greater lengths of clip asleep. The patient had retained her sense of temper throughout the disease. The household managed all the daily patient attention themselves as they stated that they knew her best and as the disease progressed and the patient was unable to vocalize any longer they were still able to understand what was wanted. On Examination the patient had no bosom beat and remained in cardiac arrest, patient students were fixed, all marks of life were negative apart from the ventilator. The household knew that the patient had died but we had to repeat that and do certain as they had requested us to go forth ventilator switched on at that clip which meant that there were breath sounds although false reading as it was mechanical aided airing and there was no existent external respiration attempt from the patient it was explained to the patients sister and hubby that although the ventilator is still on it may be confounding for any of the other relations that were coming to understand and particularly for the patients kids as there were no marks of life but the noise of the ventilator might intend they got confused. Dr was called one time we had arrived and we explained what was go oning and as it was the GP that usually attended to the patients ongoing attention we requested that they attend the house. Dr pronounced the patients ‘ decease and was able to exchange off the ventilator as this was what the household wished, during this clip asperity had begun. The household and Dr stated that the patient was cognizant of the result of the disease and that the patient had a DNAR in topographic point which the Dr brought with them as it was a new issue and the one the household had was out of day of the month. I realised through speech production with the household that the symptoms of this disease were similar to other nervous system diseases and that I knew really small about this I decided I would read up on the disease and larn how these types of neurological diseases affect people. Differential Diagnosis: In order to derive the right diagnosing of any disease you must first regulation out several other different diseases that affect the organic structure in a similar manner. In making so you are able to name and handle the disease efficaciously utilizing the right pharmacological medicine, psychological science, or external aid. This is sometimes hard as they frequently present in this instance with muscular blowing particularly of the upper limbs which is the initial presentation in MND and ALS. You read "Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Some of the differential diagnosing for ALS and MND are: Intramedullary tumour – See Appendix B. Cervical spondylosis – Cervical myelopathy – see Appendix B Peroneal muscular atrophy- see Appendix B Chronic polymyositis- see Appendix B Cervical rib- see Appendix B Peripheral nervus lesions- See Appendix B ( General Practice Notebook, 2012 ) Once all the differential diagnosing information has been correlated and ruled out it is so clip to look at the factors of MND and it variants that prevarication within the MND umbrella. There are assorted types of MND with ALS being the most outstanding and besides the 1 that appears to be speedy in oncoming therefore a rapid diagnosing eases the patients anxiousness and will besides give the patient the right pharmacological medicine and psychological science with support groups and healers to understand the forecast and the disease and its effects on the organic structure although everyone can bring forth different symptoms and no one individual has the same patterned advance through the disease it is in a sense individualised. MND has changing types under its umbrella some affect specific site and others whole countries of the nervousnesss. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , both upper and lower motor neurone harm. Primary Lateral Sclerosis ( PLS ) , upper motor neurone harm entirely, Bulbar Palsy, the bulbar paralysiss Progressive Muscular Atrophy ( PMA ) , lower motor neurone harm entirely Epidemology of ALS ALS normally occurs between age 40 and 70, and 90 % of instances represent some signifier of MND disease. The incidence of the disease increases with each decennary, the mean age at oncoming is 63 old ages. The surveies of the addition of the disease are predominately due to one factor that we are all acquiring better wellness attention and that we are in the chief life thirster. Recent information has suggested that there may be some cultural variableness to the disease nevertheless there is still a lower incidence in non-whites or persons of assorted ethnicity. The male to female ratio is 1.3 in the ages between 40-70 but approaches equality at ages older than 70 old ages. ( Sharon M. Valente RN, 2007 ) ( Carmel Armon, n.d. ) The highest rate of ALS in the universe is Finland. There has been a recent survey in Finland to happen out why they have such high rates they found that a mutant in chromosome 9p21 as the major cause of familial ALS. Finland is non the lone state with a high rate Guam has a prevalence of 70 in every 100,00 this they believed was due to the toxins in the Cycad nut and the rhythm it went through to free it of the toxins. The nut was besides consumed by the Flying Fox ( a chiropteran ) which used to be portion of the diet. The toxins in the nut may hold been much more concentrated and as it was consumed it released the toxins. This statistic has been reduced as alterations in diet have occurred the people of Guam now have a prevalence of 7 in every 100,000. ( Sharon M. Valente RN, 2007 ) ( Carmel Armon, n.d. ) Aetiology of ALS: Between 5-10 % of instances are familial. 90-95 % of instances are sporadic. The mean oncoming for people with familial ALS is 10-20 old ages younger. The balance are sporadic. Diagnosis for this disease are blood trials, Electromyogram ( EMG ) , Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) and one time every other neurological disease has been rejected so the diagnosing will be of MND so depending on clinical presentation a unequivocal diagnosing of what type of MND will go on next. Pathophysiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosiss: ALS is a disease of the Motor Neurones it is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease and it is fatal. There is no remedy for this disease and pharmacological medicine is limited to handling the symptoms as they occur. Famillia ALS is caused by a familial defect on chromosome 21 which is an enzyme ( an enzyme allows a cell to transport out chemical reactions really rapidly ) and helps destruct free groups ( Free groups take negatrons from the cells and do a batch of harm ) It is nevertheless non necessary to hold the faulty chromosome to develop ALS as non all bearers of the faulty chromesome contract the disease and people can contract the disease without a faulty chromesome. Sporadic ALS is mostly unknown in its cause nevertheless at that place have been links in the alterations to the organic structures nucleic acid through smoke have been shown to trip the disease oncoming. In ALS progressive musculus wasting predominately is found on the Lower motor neurones which reside in the anterior Grey horn of the spinal cord and in the encephalon root ( corticospinal ) . The upper Motor neurones predominately cause marking on the sidelong column of the spinal cord which may bring forth stiffness or abnormally active physiological reactions. There are instances although rare where the loss of prefrontal neurones may hold caused signifiers of cognitive damage. Although this is non typical in ALS as by and large there is no devolution of the five senses and these nervus cells remain integral. Nerve cell organic structures of the lower and upper motor neurone control the musculuss. The motor axons die by devolution and the larger motor neurones are affected to a higher extent than the smaller motor neurones. Equally long as the regeneration and devolution remains changeless so the nervus cell has the ability to maintain the motor neurones within normal bounds hence no symptoms will be evident, merely when the demand for regeneration of these cells can non fit the devolution it is so the first symptoms of ALS becomes apparent. The axon interruptions and the environing Schwann cells catabolise the axon ‘s medulla sheath and steep the axon interrupting it into fragments. The breakdown causes ovoids which are little compartments which contain the fragments of the axon the ovoids are so ingested and destroyed by the macrophages the hungry white blood cells who come en mass to clean up. This nevertheless leaves a grade on the country and if supply and demand for regeneration are non met this procedure so causes the wasting of the motor nervousnesss go forthing them denervated and unable to execute. There are as with all types of disease clinical manifestations in which we are able to name certain conditions non all of them present at one time and all varying in badness depending on the length of clip the patient has had the disease. Muscle failing is the primary mark of ALS with the musculus cramp and stiffness associated with musculus wast ing active nonvoluntary jerking a weakend clasp, slurred address, there is by and large no redness of the musculuss but the changeless vellication and contraction can do a batch of hurting. ALS begins in one limb before impacting the other limb. This disease can distribute through multiple sites on the organic structure and can impact the critical variety meats as they are made up of musculus tissue this is the terminal stages where the patient is unable to take a breath without the aid of a ventilator and as life anticipation for ALS is between 2-5 old ages it can be swift in oncoming. The pharmacological medicine for the patient was Riluzule in the early phases can decelerate down the devastation of the motor nerve cells as it is a neuroprotector, Baclofen is prescribed as a musculus relaxer which is used to handle the cramps and stiffness caused by the musculuss, Dantrolene is prescribed to handle long term musculus cramps and stiffness though it can besides do liver harm, Diazep am ( diazepam ) is prescribed for its ataractic consequence and helps command the musculus cramp and stiffness these along with other general medicines and with the aid of psychological, Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy and emotional support signifier household, friends and other bureaus all assist the patient with get bying with their ALS. As ambulance service there is small that can be done to assist the patient apart from doing them comfy. We can utilize Professional-Professional calls to the necessary adviser and inquire for advice as to the best attention for the patient and if we need to set up for the patient to be admitted into infirmary or whether organizing another carepathway would be suited. The carepathway could besides be used and was in this instance a call to the patients ‘ ain GP bespeaking them to see as this was the want of the patient and the household explicating what had happened. The usage of any analgetic drug for the hurting would hold to be discuss ed with the adviser as this may hold inauspicious effects on status or may hold contraindicators to drugs regime the patient was already on. Following the Care program that is in topographic point meant that although the patient had died we could still follow their wants. Pg1.APPENDIX A- The Nervous System The nervous system is the organic structure ‘s communicating web. It plays a critical function in keeping homeostasis and consists of a immense figure of cells called neurones. The nervous system can be split into two different divisions the Central Nervous System ( CNS ) which controls the encephalon and the spinal cord and the Peripheral Nervous System ( PNS ) which controls all the nervousnesss outside of the spinal cord and encephalon. The peripheral nervous system can be sub-divided into the motor or motorial tract and the sensory or afferent tract. The motor map is divided once more into- voluntary- controls motion of the musculuss and involuntary- which is portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls the cardiac musculus and its secretory organs, this system can be divided into two once more the sympathetic and parasympathetic. The nervous system is predominately made up of nervous tissue which consists of two types of cells- nervus cells or nerve cells and neuroglia, it besides includes the blood vass and the connective tissue. Nerve cells Nerve cells specialise in responding to physical or chemical stimulations from the alterations within their milieus. Nerve cells send and receive nervus urges. The construction of a nerve cell is like an arm with thenar and fingers. Dendrites are like your fingers projecting from the thenar of your manus they are little projections coming from the axon APPENDIX B INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD TUMORS Pain and failing are the most common presenting symptoms of intramedullary spinal cord tumours. Pain is frequently the earliest symptom, classically happening at dark when the patient is supine. The hurting is typically local over the degree of the tumour but may radiate. Progressive failing may happen in the weaponries ( cervical tumours ) or legs ( cervical, thoracic, conus tumours ) . Impaired intestine, vesica, or sexual map frequently occurs early. Patients may hold hapless balance. Rarely, symptoms of subarachnoid bleeding may be present. Examination may uncover a combination of upper and lower motor nerve cell marks. Lower motor marks may be at the degree of the lesion and may help in localisation. Other marks apparent upon physical scrutiny may include spine tenderness, stiffening of pace, trophic alterations of appendage, centripetal loss, hyperreflexia, clonus, and scoliosis cervical spondylosis – Cervical myelopathy Cervical myelopathy occurs when terrible cervical spondylosis causes narrowing of the spinal canal ( besides known as stricture ) and compaction of the spinal cord. When the spinal cord is compressed, it interferes with the signals that travel between your encephalon and the remainder of your organic structure. Symptoms can include: a deficiency of co-ordination, for illustration you may happen undertakings such as buttoning a shirt progressively hard, heaviness or failing in your weaponries or legs, jobs walking, less normally, intestine and urinary incontenance, centripetal loss is normally present but the upper limb failing and lower limb spasticity may be unusually similar to MND. MND has a more rapid myelopathy and cervical phonograph record bulge will be absent on X-ray. Occasionally, MND may co-exist with cervical spondylosis. cervical rib – fasciculation absent, hurting prominent, centripetal loss normally present, characteristic radiology peripheral nervus lesions – localised cachexia, normally accompanied by centripetal loss. peroneal muscular wasting – centripetal loss of the peripheral nervousnesss become damaged it can do the undermentioned symptoms: numbness and prickling in the pess and custodies a combustion, knifing or hiting hurting loss of co-ordination in the affected organic structure parts musculus failing chronic polymyositis – The history of patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis typically includes the followers: Symmetrical, proximal musculus failing with insidious oncoming Muscles normally painless Myalgias occur in fewer than 30 % of patients. Dysphagia ( 30 % ) and aspiration, if pharyngeal and oesophageal musculuss are involved Arthralgias may be associated Trouble kneeling, mounting or falling stepss, stepping onto a kerb, raising weaponries, raising objects, combing hair, and originating from a seated place Weak cervix extensors cause trouble keeping the caput up Engagement of pelvic girdle normally greater than upper organic structure failing Cardiac engagement may do symptoms of pericarditis or myocardiopathy Characteristic roseola of face, bole, and custodies seen in dermatomyositis merely Patients with polymyositis normally present with symmetrical, proximal musculus failing in the upper and lower appendages. Weakness of cervix flexors besides occurs. Patients with polymyositis may describe musculus hurting and tenderness, which may be confused with symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. The disease may be for several months before the patient seeks medical advice, and all of the musculuss of the thighs, bole, shoulders, hips, and upper weaponries are normally involved. Muscle failing may fluctuate from hebdomad to hebdomad or from month to month. Fine motor motions that depend on the strength of distal musculuss, such as buttoning a shirt, run uping, knitting, or authorship, are affected merely tardily in the disease. Dysphagia secondary to oropharyngeal and oesophageal engagement occurs in approximately one tierce of patients with polymyositis and is a hapless predictive mark. Dysphonia is besides a hapless predictive mark but is much less common. Ocular musculuss are ne’er involved in generalised polymyositis. However, stray orbital myositis, an inflammatory upset affecting the extraocular musculuss, is good described. Facial and bulbar musculus failing is highly rare in persons with polymyositis. A household history of neuromuscular disease, endocrinopathy, or exposure to myotoxic drugs or toxins is absent. differentiate by electromyography and musculus biopsy myasthenia gravis – bulbar marks but seldom muscular cachexia ; responds quickly to anticholinesterase How to cite Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Economics and Zara free essay sample

Market Entry Strategy: Case Study of Zara 1. Introduction and Background Internationalisation in China Amongst the motivations to strategise are to grow fast ahead of the competitors, grow in the line with the industry or to simply catch up and defend an existing status. Despite the challenges, threats and risks, the orientation of various firms are to expand, to reach and to penetrate new markets segments. The working title of the research is initially drafted as Market Entry Strategy: Case Study of Zara Internationalisation in China. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of the hosen market entry strategy and mode of entry by Zara in penetrating the Chinese retail market. Whether the strategy proved to be beneficial in its initiative to internationalise the operation of the business will be also explored. Thereby asking, what are the benefits of putting the business within the Chinese business environment? As such, market entry decisions are a multi-approach that requires careful consideration of the firm seeking to widen economies of scope and reach. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics and Zara or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zara should take note, however, that market entry decisions depend on the resources and the ability to sustain the competitive edge. In this study, different market entry strategies and its drivers, nature and dynamics will be explored with reference to Zaras business. Zaras international strategy framework of market entry, market selection and marketing approach is the driver behind the internationalisation strategy of Zara. When it comes to market entry, the question now is what are the economic and political barriers that take effect on the strategy? 2. Company Profile Owned by Amancio Ortega, Zara, on the other hand, is a clothing company originated in Spain. Inditex Group, the parent company, claims that Zara needed Just a couple of eeks to go through the development of a new product and get it to the stores, compared to that of six months which is the industry average. Zara also launches products amounting 10, 000 new designs annually. Though Zara is a vertically integrated company, Zara controls most of the processes in the supply chain whereby 50% of the products are manufactured in Spain, 26% in the rest of Europe and 24% in Asian countries. nd (2006) contend that Zara outsourced the production of high labor intensive processes but maintained in-house other capital intensive processes, protecting knowledge and know how. The quick-response capability of Zara is made possible by the three main stages that define the competitive edge of the company: design, manufacturing and distribution. thereby conducting most of the processes in-house. While, the rest of the manufacturing activities including finishing stages are completed through a network of 300 small contractors which specializes in one particular part of the production process or garment type. These contractors work exclusively for Inditex, and are not given more than 4% control of the production services so that if there will be a problem with a single contractor, there will 299 to back them. nd (2004) maintain that although its manufacturing costs are 15 to 20% higher than competition, Zara more than makes up for the cost differential through its supply chain to ensure that merchandise in the stores matches what customers want 0. Further, the competitive advantages of Zara are because of its cost leadership, fast production and product variation. Zara sells quality, fashionable products at reasonable prices and based on product positioning, Zara is cheaper than its leading rivals as Benetton and Gap. Zara also has the ability to design and finish products to e deli8everd in stores within 4 to 5 weeks hence very quick to get designer- influenced products into their stores. Likewise, the clothing brand has the ability to launch new trends and designs in a much shorter period. Zara thereby boasts for low level of inventory, efficient distribution system and high turnover of product. 3. Key Issues Market Entry and/or Operations Market Entry International strategy at Zara is defined by the combined generic strategy of cost leadership and differentiation strategy. There are considerations, however, such as when selecting the Chinese market, labor cost and productivity, distribution cost and hipment cost of raw materials are considered. Other considerations are characteristics or behaviour of consumers and income per capita. In terms of marketing approach, the considerations include the 4Ps inherent to the Chinese consumers and business environment. Market entry considerations include economics, both macroeconomic factors which include tax, political condition and export tariff and microeconomic factors including local competitors, demand and location of store. Regulation from government and local producers protection issues are other considerations.

African Elephant Essays (1755 words) - Elephants, Elephant

African Elephant African Elephant The common name is the African Elephant, the scientific name is Loxodonta Africana, the phylum is Vertebrata, the class is Mammalia, the order is Proboscidea, and the family is Elephantidae. The Closest Relatives to the African Elephant are: the Asian Elephant, mammoths, primitive proboscidean (mastodons), sea cows, and hyraxes. Scientists believe that the African Elephant evolved from one of its closest The geographical location and range of the African elephant covers all of central and southern Africa. In Ethiopia there are isolated populations that exist around Lake Chad in Mali and Mauritania. Also in Kenya, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda, Zaire, and in National parks located in South Africa, as well as several other countries. African Elephants, originally, were found in all of the Sub-Saharan African habitats except desert steppes. Elephants still occupy diverse habitats such as: temperate grassland, tropical savanna and grass lands, temperate forest and rainforest, tropical rainforest, tropical scrub forest, and tropical deciduous forest despite their drastic decline in numbers. However, their migratory patterns and habitat use have changed, due to the fact that they are restricted to protected areas. The elephant can exist in many types of environments but it prefers places that have many trees and bushes, which the elephant needs both for food and shade. They also like warm areas that have plenty of rainfall. This ensures plenty of food, shade, and water. The elephant prefers a habitat of mixed woodland and grassland which gives them an opportunity to eat a variety of vegetation. African Elephants are considered herbivores, they are both browsers and grazers; they will eat rough sticks, stems and leaves of plants as well as grasses, sedges, and fruit. Their favorites are mangoes, berries and coconuts. An elephant eats up to 500 pounds of vegetation every day and drinks up to 50 gallons of water daily. Elephants must consume these giant quantities of food, due to their poor digestive system. The small intestine is 82 feet long, the large intestine 21 feet long, and the rectum adds a further 13 feet. The problem with the digestive tract lies in their gut; elephants have too few symbiotic bacteria. These are the organisms which help break down the cellulose of plant cell walls by producing enzymes called cellulases. The most remarkable feature of the elephants digestive system is its 5 feet long appendix, bigger than the stomach. Proteins, starches, and sugars are digested in the appendix. The elephant will excrete almost 200 pounds a day of semi-digested food. Elephants live together in strong family units which might have as few as two or as many as twenty members. When the group gets too big, it splits up; but the groups stay in close contact. Elephant life revolves around this unit which is usually headed by the oldest female. The family offers protection, aid, comfort, and teaching to all of its members. Within the units are cows, calves, and bulls. The male bulls are very solitary and most of the time travel only with other males, except during mating season when the bulls travel with the pack looking for a mate. The males remain with the family unit until they are about fourteen and then leave the family to join the other The African elephant usually gives birth to one calf every four years. The gestation period is approximately twenty to twenty two years. The newborn calf, which weighs 200-300 pounds and stands about three feet high, is cared for by all of the females in the pack, not just by the mother. The calf may nurse as long as eight years, or until its tusks are too long for the mother. It takes about 14 to 15 years for an elephant to fully mature. They grow to about 10-13 feet tall and 7.5 meters in length and weigh as much as 7 tons. The family will remain together throughout their lives. The elephants body has many special features which it has adapted throughout the centuries to help it survive in its environment. The most important part of the elephants body is its trunk. An elephant uses its trunk for many things. With it, the elephant can pick up objects that weigh as much

Concert essays

Concert essays The whole time the audience was quiet and just sat, watched and listened. There was one person behind me that kept tapping to the beat of the music, but stopped after a while. That was very distracting because I would hear the tapping right in my ear and couldn't concentrate on the orchestra. The concert consisted of music by Hadyn, Tschaikovsky and Mozart. The orchestra played Hadyn's symphony no. 94 and scenes from the Nutcracker. Along with Mozart's Toy Symphony. Basically the concert was focused on holiday music and at the end they had a sing-along for the whole audience to join in. The orchestra consisted of mainly the string family, like violins, cello, viola. Also the woodwind family, which was flutes and clarinet. They also played with the drums, cymbals, tamborine and triangle. The music was very peaceful and relaxing. It was played soft, but at times would get louder. All the instrumentalists were nsync and altogether. There was not one note off that I could realize. It looked like they all enjoyed being up there and playing for the audience. There was one man I was watching who seemed to have a hard job. He was playing the tamborine and triangle. In every song he had to make sure he played at the exact time he was supposed to, otherwise the whole song would be ruined. That was impressive because it takes a lot of practice and listening skills to play it right on time. I enjoyed going to this concert because it was sort of uplifting. I just blanked everything out of my head and just concentrated on the peaceful music playing. The best part was when they played parts of the Nutcracker. Those songs are some of my favorite and to just hear them live was an experience. The Nutcracker songs make me want to hear more and I never want them to end. When I first heard I had to go to a classical concert I thought to myself how boring. But after experiencing it I really enjoyed it and would definitely attend another one. ...

Critics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critics - Essay Example n find the character of Gregor Samsa going through the process of metamorphosis, changing shapes and finally reaching final stage that is death in his case. The setting of the story is Gregor’s Samsa’s room as we can find the narrator discussing this room in depth where Gregor Samsa moves around the whole day. Gregor Samsa takes the shape of an insect due to which, his family and associates start staying away from him and feel unpleasant about his presence. He changes his appearance from being a human to an insect that is disagreeable for all due to which, he got alienated. It is Gregor’s Samsa’s room where he alienates himself from the rest of the world. In fact, he was already isolated when he was a human being and after being an insect, his isolation and loneliness intensified. This can also be a sign of an alienated society in which, no one has any association to any one and no one is interested in any other person. Lastly, the transformed state of Gregor Samsa, that is being an insect can be a symbol of his alienation that he already felt and near death, he started to take refuge of his own room and people started showing less interest in him as he was of no use for anyone. He knew this fact that because of his ailment, people will start considering him a burden so he shut himself down in his

Jesus Image of Himself as the True Vine. John 15; 1-11 Essay

Jesus Image of Himself as the True Vine. John 15; 1-11 - Essay Example The sap in the vine gives power to the branch so that it may bring forth fruit and thus, detaching the branch would mean the end of the fruit bearing ability of the branch. He explains further that every fruit bearing branch is pruned so as to enhance its fruit bearing potential. The Gospel of John according to John Donahue’s commentary does not narrate the stories of Jesus in parable form like the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke for the reader to decipher meaning, which makes it different from them in this respect. Though the Gospel is symbolic, yet it is simple and in many instances, Jesus explains the spiritual lesson like in this instance. Jesus wanted to bring the Spiritual message across to the disciples about the importance of abiding, stressing the same in 5 where He says, â€Å"for without me you can do nothing†, and it would also be worthy to note that the word abide is repeated seven times between verses 1 to 12. Just as a detached vine cannot bring forth f ruit and is not worthy for any purpose pertaining to fruit bearing other than to be thrown into the fire, thus also was Jesus teaching His disciples that their fruit bearing potential depended on their abiding in Him at all times (Michaels, 1998). The parable also is a continuation of His last words and instruction which He had started in John 14, before he was crucified, rose up again and was taken up to heaven and thus has very great significance in the continuation of the ministry He had started and which was to continue without Him being physically present with His disciples (Nissen& Pedersen, 1999). Just as the fruit bearing ability exists in the vine and not the branches, Jesus wanted to drive the point home in verses 5 to 7 that their victory pertaining to the bringing forth of fruit lay by the disciples’ abiding or remaining in Him. In other words, it implies that He was going to produce His fruit in them, since they were now the body of Christ. Jesus talks about His abiding in the love of the Father in verse 10, and challenges His disciples also to abide in His love. He desires to establish a relationship with His disciples, which is based on abiding, just as is the case of His relationship with the Father (Moloney& Sacra, 1998). Jesus has done this by obeying the commandments of the Father and would like the same repeated in His relationship with His disciples, in other word, fruit bearing was to be enhanced as the disciples maintained their relationship with Jesus. The Father would be glorified as Jesus said in verse 8 when the disciples bore much fruit, and this would signify that they were Jesus’ disciples. Since there was poor to bring forth fruit in Jesus, it meant that just as a branch automatically brings forth fruit as long as it is on the right tree, multiplication was going to be automatic and also was the production of other fruit was required of the disciples. Concerning the notion of cutting of branches that did not bear fr uit as narrated in verse 2, this is more of a warning to the disciples that their failure to abide in Christ would make them unfruitful and thus make them liable to be removed by God. Jesus was speaking these words to eleven of His closest disciples because at this time, Judas had already left the group to prepare to betray Jesus. Jesus reminds the disciples that they are to abide in Him at all times and not only when it was convenient for them (Michaels, 1998). The verse also speaks another type of cutting that would enhance

Development of Corporate Governance in Nigeria

Development of Corporate Governance in Nigeria   Literature Review The code of corporate governance Over the years, Nigeria has experienced rapid development with regards to corporate governance. This can be noted in the 2003 Code of Corporate Governance (SEC Code), the 2006 mandatory Code of Corporate Governance for Nigerian Banks post consolidation (CBN Code) and most importantly the 2007 Code of Conduct for Shareholder Associations in Nigeria (SEC Code for shareholders). {(now revised in 2011) update the dates for the different codes}. According to Grienenberger (1995), corporate governance can be defined as The legal and practical system for the exercise of power and control in the conduct of the business of a corporation, including in particular the relationships amongst the shareholders, the management, the board of the directors and its committees, and other constituencies. The main issue with corporate governance is that it is often viewed as the separation between ownership (shareholders) and control (managers). Jensen and Meckling (1976) state that managers will only be as incentivized to add value to shareholders in proportion to what they stand to personally gain. Schacht (1995) then argues that corporate governance represents the friction that managers and owners of public companies face in the involvement of the productive level of shareholders in corporate policy and administration. Nigeria was a British colony therefore it adopted the corporate governance system of the British and its history of corporate governance stems from the colonial times when the private sector was dominated by British companies (Okike 2007, Ahunwan 2002). After she gained her independence in 1960, there was a great economic liberation and the government developed domestic ownership and control of the Nigerian private sector (Akpotaire 2005). The framework of corporate governance adopted was still that of the British. For instance, there was the replacement of the Companies Ordinance of 1992 by the 1968 (how can the 68 replace the 92) Companies Act but the biggest influence was the UK corporate law (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). It is not unimaginable that since the corporate governance of Nigeria mirrors that of the British so closely, the effectiveness would be somewhat guaranteed. Unfortunately this has not been the case. It could be easily explained by the fact that the corporate la ws and regulations in the UK are not complementary, reflective or applicable in the Nigerian business environment (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). Okike (2007) states that though the framework of the corporate governance in Nigeria mirrors that of the UK, the same cannot be said in terms of application or ingrained principles. Ultimately, it seems the legal or corporate governance codes governing corporations have not been developed with the peculiarities of Nigeria in mind. The issues that are specific to the cultural and political environments have also been ignored (Okike, 2007) and these are of utmost importance especially when considering the unstructured and informal nature of the Nigerian economy (Yahaya, 1998). In the years that follow, I believe this error was trying to be corrected by making codes to reflect Nigeria as a country and her corporate environment. According to Adegbite et. al (2012) The primary statute empowering shareholders in Nigeria to intervene in a companys affairs is the Company and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990 (as amended). In addition to this as stated above was the 2003 Code of Corporate Governance (SEC Code). Adegbite et. al (2012) goes on to state that this code has as one of its core focuses to promote the rights and responsibilities of shareholders. It expressly states that the company or board should not discourage shareholder activism whether institutional or by organised shareholders groups. It further states that the annual general meetings (AGMs) should be an avenue for shareholder participation in the governance of the company. Furthermore, there should be a director who represents the interests of minority shareholders who occupies a seat on the board. Okike (2007) believes that these are all efforts of the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to promote shareholder activism as well as the rights of minority shareholders in the Nigerian corporate governance code. As a result of all these developments, there have now been an emergence of many private initiatives which have been encouraged by the government such as The Independent Shareholders Association of Nigeria (ISAN), the Nigerian Shareholders Solidarity Association (NSSA), the Proactive Shareholders Association of Nigeria (PROSAN), the Association for the Advancement of the Rights of Nigerian Shareholders (AARNS) amongst other shareholder associations. These have developed mainly to give minority shareholders a chance in a sector that has been dominated by majority shareholders when it comes to block voting. The issue of Politics and its impact on Shareholder Activism In a recent study, Adegbite et. al (2012) state that an environment of unhealthy and vast politicking is created when shareholder activism is used as corporate governance mechanism in Nigeria. It is believed that this is as a result of the countrys brand of politics, in other words expressing that this is a challenge that is quite peculiar to Nigeria. It denotes that though shareholder activism is somewhat a universal practice, certain characteristics of different regions warrant an understanding before said practice can be carried out correctly. Most literature on shareholder activism is based on the Anglo-Saxon construction of markets as prior to independence from the British, the Anglo Saxon-based system of corporate law and regulations was in place in Nigeria (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). This is founded on the neo-liberal conception of democratic politics where there is freedom and rights within legitimate institutional boundaries. Also, under the same umbrella of this ideology is shareholder activism, as it is an essential characteristic to the financial markets (Adegbite et. al 2012). This has led to little thought being given to the effect that the post-independence stage of political democracy has on the way in which different things are practiced and in particular, shareholder activism. Given these points, lets look further into the democratic political state of Nigeria. Nigeria gained her independence on October 1, 1960. In the 56 years of her independence, she has been vastly ridiculed with the plague of corruption. This has been evident in the politics of the nation, the way business is conducted both local and international and the general way of life of her people. Unfortunately, we follow this through many years of various scandals such as Cadbury 2014 and infamously Shell 1990 to present. It would be almost obvious that this corruption tremendously affects the business environment and by extension, shareholder activism. This can be evidenced by looking at independent corruption indexes. In appendix 1, we see extracts from various reports from the Transparency International (2013) which is a non-governmental organisation. These reports show Nigeria ranking 136 out of 178 countries (178 being the most corrupt country) in the corruption index as well as having a score of 26 (100 being corrupt free). More importantly, in the index of corruption b y political parties, Nigeria scored 4.7 out of 5 (5 being extremely corrupt). This data is one that cannot be ignored in the analysis of the political environment of the country having a direct/indirect effect on shareholder activism. Adegbite et al. (2012) also compare the World Bank index which is based on six broad measures: (1) voice and accountability, (2) political stability, (3) government effectiveness, (4) regulatory quality, (5) rule of law and (6) control of corruption. Three countries are examined namely Nigeria, Denmark and the United Kingdom. The latter mentioned countries score very low on the corruption index in the Transparency International reports and so its no surprise that in the World Bank Anti-Corruption and Governance Index, the same results are observed with Nigeria scoring less than 28% in all 6 categories while Denmark and the United Kingdom score higher than 80% across the same categories. These results all highlight the same issue. It is the implications of the Corrupt and greed driven Nigerian politics and political culture on business conduct, corporate governance and shareholder activism in particular (Adegbite et. al 2012). In light of all of this, it would be unfair not to mention that there are steps taken to mitigate this issue of corruption especially in the attitude towards corporate governance. Only a few years ago, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) dismissed the Chief Executive Officers and Executive Directors or eight Nigerian banks on charges of corruption, fraud and bad corporate governance (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). These steps are definitely in the right path to getting the country to where it needs to be but the fact still remains that this is a serious consideration when addressing corporate governance and shareholder activism in Nigeria. As this has been established, the different matters around shareholders associations and institutional shareholders have been discussed below. Institutional shareholders and Non-institutional shareholders (shareholder associations) The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) has been in existence for about 46 years. It has over 260 listed securities including 10 Government Stock, 55 industrial loans (Debenture/Preferences) stocks and 195 equity/ordinary shares of companies with a total capitalisation of about 875.2 billion naira. Shareholding in Nigeria has grown rapidly to an estimated 10 million (Amao and Amaeshi, 2008). There have been a series of events such as the privatisation programme in Nigeria that has massively impacted the share ownership. In the early stages of the programme, the privatised companies offered over 1.3 billion shares for sale to the public. There was a huge influx of first time buyers as well others amounting to over 800,000 shareholders. Between 1989 and 2005, over forty government-owned companies were privatised (Tanko II, 2004). Small individual shareholders coming together to form shareholders associations and large individual shareholders are categories of Non-institutional shareholders. (Crespi Renneboog, 2010; Poulsen et al., 2010; Song Szewczyk, 2003; Uche, C., Adegbite, E. and John Jones, M. 2016). The way in which shareholder activism is carried out and achieved by small and large individual shareholders is mainly attributable to their shareholdings (Connelly, Tihanyi, Certo Hitt, 2010; Crespi Renneboog, 2010; Johnson, Schnatterly, Johnson, Chiu, 2010; Uche et al., 2016). Due to the amount of shareholdings that small individual shareholders possess, they are at a disadvantage in the matter of having influence over management. In order to combat this, small individual shareholders often combine voting rights with that of other shareholders thus increasing their influence when engaging in shareholder activism. By doing so, they bypass the need for large block holding. Coordination by small individu al shareholders is then achieved by using organizations such as shareholders associations. While this teamwork doesnt result in the influence of corporate strategy or board nominations, Strickland et al. (1996) states that it brings about certain advantages such as successful shareholder-initiated proposals documented in countries such as the United States of America. Shareholders associations are a registered group mainly consisting of small individual shareholders while Institutional shareholders is a term for entities which pool money to purchase securities, real property, and other investment assets or originate loans. Institutional shareholders include banks, insurance companies, pensions, hedge funds, REITs, investment advisors, endowments, and mutual funds. In this section, the relationship between these two will be analyzed as well as the effects their union or otherwise has on shareholder activism. According to Uche, Adegbite and John Jones (2016), prior literature has shown how beneficial collaborations between shareholders associations and institutional shareholders have been in shareholder activism. Examples of this is institutional shareholders using their proxy votes to support shareholder proposals. However, there has been little work done in this area regarding a developing country as well as the effect that activism carried out by shareholders associations has on institutional shareholders (Uche, Adegbite and John Jones, 2016). According to Mulgan (2000) and Uche et al., (2016) Accountability is considered to be an activity that requires the accountee to engage in questioning, assessing and criticizing when holding the accountor to account. It is believed to be a two way conversation between accountee and accountor. Uche et al., (2016) notes that the accountability relationship theory isnt discussed in a corporate environment by Mulgan (2000) but similar characteristics have been identified in the relationship between the board members and management. These characteristics were identified by Roberts et al., (2005) as questioning, probing, discussing, informing and encouraging. In addition, it is evident that shareholder activism share these same features. This is because Institutional shareholders and shareholders associations involve in discussion, probing and questioning management at AGMs and other private meetings (Uche et al., 2016; Roberts et al., 2006; Solomon and Darby, 2005). These conversations with shareholders associations and institutional shareholders also allow companies to gain insight into different issues on social, ethical and environmental issues which in turn aids in promoting corporate matters aime d at the public (Solomon and Darby, 2005; Amao and Amaeshi, 2008; Johed and Catasus, 2015). As mentioned in earlier sections, Nigeria is home to many shareholders associations. There are more than thirty organisations unlike other more developed countries such as the United Kingdom which usually has only one association engaging in shareholder activism (Amao Amaeshi, 2008; Adegbite, Amaeshi Amoa, 2012). Uche, Adegbite and John Jones (2016) importantly highlights the importance of the structure of shareholders associations in Nigeria. These associations are made up only of small individual shareholders. The reason this is important to note is because of the impact it has on strategies carried out by the organisations. It also indicates the amount of influence or lack thereof that these organisations may have on the management of companies and thus shareholder activism. In shareholder activism, the expectation is that the shareholders are able to exert a certain level of influence over management of a company which will allow them to facilitate change in strategic outcome or managerial decisions (Ryan and Schneider, 2002). This influence is much easier when there is an independence between the activists and management of the company involved. This can be seen in the analysis between institutional shareholders, shareholders association and management within the boundary of shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016; Becht et al., 2008; Catasus and Johed 2007; Crespi and Renneboog, 2010; Ingley and Van der Walt, 2001; Johed and Catasus 2015). The independence noted in relationships between shareholders associations and managements of companies allow for the association to have an increased influence over management (Uche et al., 2016; Poulsen et al., 2010) A lack of independence is noted in easily pressured institutional shareholders. This causes these type of investors to rather guard the relationships formed with managements of the company involved for their own benefits .This type of behavior is usually noted in passive institutional shareholders than active institutional shareholders (Uche et al., 2016; Almazan, Hartzell and Starks, 2005; Brickley, Lease and Smith 1998; Marler and Faugere, 2010). Prior literature has shown that there is a difference in the way various institutional shareholders carry out shareholder activism. This allows them to benefit in different ways from the way others carry out their activist activities (Uche, Adegbite and John Jones, 2016). Active institutional shareholders will benefit from things such as coordinated voting with other institutional shareholders or shareholders associations while the same may not be the case for institutional shareholders that are passive. Passive institutional shareholders as the name suggests, have a more laissez-faire attitude towards shareholder activism. They prefer to avoid any direct activist activities while benefiting from that which active shareholder institutions and shareholders associations have fought for (Brav, Jiang, Partnoy, Thomas, 2008). These passive institutional shareholders in Nigeria are usually hedge funds or pension funds who focus on short term benefits and dont want to disrupt the business relationships built with these companies. It is argued that shareholders associations dont experience this same dynamic between them and management of any company in questions regarding shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016; Stratling, 2012). However, according to Uche et al., 2016, Adegbite et al., 2010 and Yakasi, 2001, it has been reported that some shareholders associations in Nigeria develop relationships with management because of financial benefits obtained outside of the business relationship. This then leads to a lack of independence and hinders the shareholders associations from acting as accountees and holding the accountors (management of the company in question) to account. Prior research notes that different shareholder groups have different agendas that they pursue and though these may be similar in multiple cases, they can also differ. This is as a result of their interests and time horizons being different (Uche et al., 2016; Goranova Ryan, 2014; Ingley Van der Walt, 2001). Individual shareholders usually invest smaller stakes over a short period of time while institutional shareholders such as pension funds will invest massively over a long period of time. Fundamental differences such as these cause conflicts between the groups in shareholder activism. For instance, hedge funds prefer short term pay puts thus are more short term oriented (Uche et al., 2016). Ultimately, in Nigeria, institutional shareholders do not participate enough in shareholder activism especially in comparison to shareholders associations. As noted in earlier paragraphs, due to the small holdings of individual shareholders who make up shareholders association they are not able to practice shareholder activism as effectively as they should (Uche et al., 2016; Amao Amaeshi, 2008; Okike, 2007; Yakasai, 2001). Despite this, it has been noted that shareholders associations have been of great help in holding management of companies accountable by resisting the fraudulent sale of corporate sales and sacking of poorly performing corporate executives through shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016; Aderinokun, 2003; Chigbo, 2000). The Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) code (both 2003 and the revised code in 2011) avidly encourage institutional shareholders and organised shareholders groups to actively engage in shareholder activism so as to improve practices (SEC Code, 2003; SEC Code 2011). While institutional shareholders are not there to usurp the role of monitoring agencies, they are in a better position to pressurise companies to take shareholder accountability and interest more seriously (Chung Talaulicar, 2010; Roberts et al., 2006). In the face of previous scandals and governance and accountability problems in Nigeria, institutional shareholders now have another opportunity to fight for improved governance practices so as to create better shareholder values (Ahunwan, 2002; Bakre, 2007; CBN, 2006). According to Yakasai (2011) and Ajogwu (2007), Institutional shareholders are in a better strategic position than small shareholders to engage with corporate managers. Their influence can bridge the gap of communication between shareholders and really have an impact on corporate governance practices. All of this highlights the importance of both institutional shareholders and shareholders associations to practice shareholder activism (together and independently) independent of management of companies so as to relinquish all forms of bias in order to improve the effectiveness of shareholder activism in Nigeria. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction This chapter illustrates the methodology used in this research to achieve my results. Research methodology is crucial to any research as it highlights the reasoning behind methods chosen to achieve the aims and objectives of this research (Kothari, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to clearly state what Shareholder Activism is and take a closer look into Sub-saharan Africa, more specifically Nigeria. It will also highlight three main areas that grossly affect the practice of shareholder activism in Nigeria as well as offer suggestions that could make the experience a much more efficient and effective one. To achieve this, this chapter has been divided into various sub sections namely, research philosophy, approach, strategy, time horizons, data collection and data analysis. Research Philosophy Research philosophy is an over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge. (Bandaranayake, 2012). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), research philosophy is dominated by three main views namely Positivism, Interpretivism (Social Constructionism) and Realism. Positivism as described by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), is a view that often adopts the philosophical science of the natural scientist. This research perspective is one of utmost objectivity, completely independent from the researcher and unaffected by the research or its results. Interpretivism/Social Constructionism views reality as based on human practices formed by human interactions with others and the world in which they live in, developed within a social context (Crotty, 1998). The intent of this approach is to understand the subjectivity of reality of the people being analyzed in order to deduce the background and reasoning of their motives in a way thats applicable to them. (Ramanathan, 2008). The key differences between Positivism and Interpretivism (Social Constructionism) are highlighted in the table below by (Ramanathan, 2008). Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003) state that Realism is applied to the study of human subjects, recognizing the importance of understanding peoples socially constructed interpretation and meaning, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of peoples views and behaviours. According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), it will be misleading to think of any research philosophy as better than the next. Ultimately, all three philosophies serve different purposes depending on the objective of the research. Nonetheless, business situations such as shareholder activism are complex and unique to different individuals circumstances and environment. Shareholder activism in Nigeria cannot be discussed without addressing the corporate governance environment of the country. According to Grienenberger (1995), Corporate governance can be defined as the legal and practical system for the exercise of power and control in the conduct of the businessof a corporation, including in particular the relationships amongst the shareholders, the management, the board of the directors and its committees, and other constituencies. This definition highlights two things that are very important. This is the fact that this is a legal and practical system. Every country has its own legal system that may derive its origin from many things such as the country which it was colonized by to the general way of life of the people. This in fact is the same for how business is conducted as well. Therefore, it is without doubt that an understanding of the countrys systems and the way in which things are done is essential for any well informed analysis to be made. This has therefore led me to choose interpretivism/social constructionism as my research philosophy as I believe that the characteristics of this philosophy such as aiming to increase the general understanding of the situation, gathering rich information from which ideas are induced and including stakeholder perspectives are all exactly the approaches I need to undertake in order to appropriately understand all the drivers involved in shaping shareholder activism in a developing country such as Nigeria. Research Approach When considering what research approach to use in research, there are two theories available. These are: Deduction (Testing theory) and Induction (Building theory). Deduction approach as the name implies involves the researcher having a proposed theory (usually involving two or more variables) which they then collect data against, analyse and draw conclusions in support of or opposing the original thesis (DeGracia et al., 2014). Induction approach on the other hand involves observing different cases or scenarios and then developing a general hypothesis around ones findings (DeGracia et al., 2014). This approach allows for a less rigid methodology and openness to varying explanations of what is going on (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003). The table below shows the differences between Deduction and Induction approaches to Research by (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003). Box 4.1 Major differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research Deduction emphasises Scientific principles Moving from theory to data The need to explain causal relationships between variables The collection of quantitative data The application of controls to ensure validity of data The operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition A highly structured approach Researcher independence of what is being researched The necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions Induction emphasises Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events A close understanding of the research context The collection of qualitative data A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses A realisation that the research is part of the research process Less concern with the need to generalise The induction approach will be taken as this research looks into human behaviours and social construct within a certain environment. Furthermore, I will be making use of qualitative data alone to suit the approach adopted by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003). This is because my research is looking into the problems associated with the lack of effectiveness of shareholder activism in Nigeria. This means that I am looking into the issues surrounding application, human behavior towards corporate governance and shareholder activism. Therefore, the induction approach as well as the use of qualitative data is the best way to get the different stakeholder perspectives and gather the right information within a less rigid structure that will enable the appropriate analysis to be conducted. 4.4 Research Strategy According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003), there are different research strategies namely: Experiment Survey Case study Grounded theory Ethnography Action research Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies Exploratory, descriptive and explanatory studies. For the purpose of this research, grounded theory will be used. This is because it is mainly used in the inductive approach and will allow for a more thorough insight into the issues associated with the objectives set in this research by using interviews (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). My source of data will be interviews and archival records as it allows me to capture insights into events associated with shareholder activism through the personal accounts of individuals experiences (Hendry et all., 2007; Useem et al., 1993). As this research paper is focused on Nigeria, I have limited access to data as I am currently in the United Kingdom. Therefore, I have conducted telephone interviews with seasoned individuals practicing shareholder activism because it was more cost and time efficient to do so. I believe using these will give me a well-rounded view of the issues that need to be identified. Time Horizons There are two types of time horizons focused on by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003) namely Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. Cross- sectional studies have to do with research on a particular hypothesis at a particular time, while longitudinal studies involve researching a certain phenomenon over an extended period of time. This research focuses on Shareholder Activism in Nigeria, over the years there has been very little written on this subject matter. My aim is to add to the body of knowledge which exists in current times. In this case, I will be applying cross-sectional studies and focusing on the periods from the early 2010 to present day 2016. Data Collection The main research method in this paper will be the interviews conducted with persons that are knowledgeable on the subject. As I am not very conversant with the subject matter, speaking with these people will aid in expanding my knowledge. It is quite expensive to travel to Nigeria from the United Kingdom therefore, telephone interviews will be conducted as it will save time and costs. I also plan on using archival records as I believe this will provide context to my research thus allowing me to form a well-rounded grounded theory. Data Analysis Various solid articles and books will be used to aid in my coding and analysis of the intervi

Control Leads to Destruction in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos

Control Leads to Destruction in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, by Ken Kesey, is about patients and doctors in a mental institution.   The author talks a lot about what goes on in this institute.   The main points in this book deal with control, be it the character of McMurphy who is unable to handle control, or Nurse Ratched the head nurse on the ward whose job requires her to be in control. The world of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is dark; it is a place where control leads to destruction, but the novel shows through the character of The Chief that there is still hope if the people who are being controlled have the power to resist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nurse Ratched is a mean woman whose job revolves around control. She depends on people who are less fortunate than her to make a living. Her need to control others is an unfortunate trait that she has because it makes people unable to think for themselves and it also leads to destruction.   One example of this is when Nurse Ratched caught one of the patients (Billy Bibbit) with a woman.   The nurse feeling the need to control Billy threatened to tell his mother.   Billy begged Nurse Ratched not to tell her but when his requests were refused Billy slashed his neck with a broken bottle and killed himself.   Billy's life was destroyed because of Nurse Ratched's need to control others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another place that we see the dark world is when we examine the relationship between Nurse Ratched and R.P. McMurphy.  McMurphy is a happy and rebellious man.   He is not used to being controlled, so when he gets into the institution he refuses to be controlled by Nurse Ratche... ... at".   At the end of the novel when McMurphy is given a lobotomy, Chief realizes that he is not so safe.   Chief escapes from the institution and runs away to Canada.   Chief is a figure of hope in the novel he shows us that there is still a way out for those who are being controlled.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's nest shows us darkness, and it shows us a world where control leads to destruction.   It shows us lives destroyed, people who are so obsessed with control that they do not think of others even if their job requires them to do so.   However, it shows us hope.   Hope for those who are being controlled, hope for those who just can't take the harsh strict rules that are imposed upon them.   The world of One Flew Over the Cuckoos nest is like a dark grey cloud, a dark grey cloud with a silver lining.

How to Teach Listening and Speaking in Mandarin Essay

Design a listening – speaking task. You need to clarify the level of the students (e.g. how many hours they have learnt Chinese, how many characters they have mastered, etc.), the purposes of the exercises, how you are going to operate these exercises and the reasons why you design and operate the task like this. In the teaching of spoken language, the views of listening went through different phases. Earlier views considered listening as the mastery of discrete skills such as recognizing cohesive structure in texts or identifying key words in a text etc. Later views introduced the notions of bottom-up and top-down processing and emphasized the importance of prior knowledge and schema in comprehension. At the same time, the understanding of the role of the listener developed into current views which encourages his/her active participation in listening, applying strategies to assist, monitor and evaluate his/her own listening. (J. C. Richards, 2008) Speaking takes place in real time, it’s produced in response to the speech of the person we talk to. This shows its contingent nature. In language teaching, speaking ability increases along with the learner’s other abilities in the foreign/second language such as vocabulary, listening skill, knowledge of culture etc. Mandarin is a spoken language, so its learning process is also in line with general rules of language learning/teaching. However, as Mandarin has unique features as a language system, which includes five tones and changing tones in certain circumstances, it’s important to take these features into consideration while designing a listening – speaking task. The following is a listening – speaking task I tried to design for Mandarin teaching. Listening – speaking Task Cover Sheet Time: 50 minutes (2 sessions) Class Level: Later Beginners to Lower Intermediate Main Aims: By the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: 1. Grasp Location Words and Place Expressions. 2. Exercise listening to gist and details. 3. Ask for directions and ask questions politely. Subsidiary Aims 1. Improve reading skill. 2. Group/pair cooperation Assumptions: The learners already had knowledge of Location Words and Place Expressions from Lesson 8, which will help their comprehension of the listening material. Anticipated Problems 1. Students might be confused with the direction words. 2. Form: how to ask questions. 3. Pronunciation: tones and intonation of some words. Class Profile The students are 12 adults who come to study in the evening. They have one lesson every week which lasts 2 hours. Some of them travel to China for business trips. The text book they use is Contemporary Chinese I (2003). They’ve spent roughly 60 hours so far to learn Mandarin. They have a good command of 325 Chinese words and expressions, 244 Chinese characters, 22 grammar items and 23 communicative, thus have a basic command of Mandarin. Timetable Fit The students have learnt in lesson 8 about Direction Words and Places Expressions. This lesson intends to provide them a chance to use the words in real situations. After the lesson, students will be given a sketch map to practise at home by using these direction words to describe how to get from one place to another. In the next lesson, some students will tell the class about their homework. Materials 1. A self-designed conversation based on Lesson 8 of Contemporary Chinese I. 2. A live activity designed by the author. Exercise I: How can they get to the Summer Palace? Time: 20-30 minutes Purpose: Listening for gist and details. Review what the students learnt in Lesson 8 in the textbook about Location Words and Place Expressions. Preparation: A tape recorder with the following conversation. Ã¥ ¥ ³: 我ä » ¬Ã§Å½ °Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥Å½ »Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¥  §Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ â€"? ç” ·: Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥â€¢Å Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¿â€¡Ã¯ ¼Å'我ä ¸ Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© â€œÃ¦â‚¬Å½Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã©â€š £Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½  Ã¥â€˜ ¢? Ã¥ ¥ ³: æÅ"‰ä º ºÃ¥â€˜Å Ã¨ ¯â€°Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥  ¯Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥  Ã¦ ± ½Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥Å½ »Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ½â€ Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥ ¿ËœÃ¤ ºâ€ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ · ¯Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·: 我ä » ¬Ã©â€" ®Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥  §Ã£â‚¬â€š (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨ · ¯Ã¤ º ºÃ¦ ­ £Ã¥ · §Ã§ » Ã¨ ¿â€¡) ç” ·: è ¯ ·Ã©â€" ®Ã¯ ¼Å'我ä » ¬Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥Å½ »Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ºâ€Ã¨ ¯ ¥Ã¥  Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ · ¯Ã¨ ½ ¦? è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ½  Ã¤ »Å½Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥â€ž ¿Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥  ³Ã¨ µ °Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  379è · ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ§ «â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ º ºÃ¦ °â€˜Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'ç„ ¶Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ µ °Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â€š ¹Ã¯ ¼Å'æ  ¢332è · ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¸â‚¬Ã§â€º ´Ã¥  Ã¥Ë† °Ã¥ ¤ ´Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¥Ë† °Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·:ä ¸â€¹Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ â€"? è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ¸ Ã¨ ¿Å"ï ¼Å'ä ½  Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥ Å½Ã¥ ¾â‚¬Ã¥ · ¦Ã¦â€¹ Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¿â€¡Ã© © ¬Ã¨ · ¯Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ° ±Ã¨Æ' ½Ã§Å"‹è § Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¤ §Ã©â€" ¨Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·: Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"é ªâ€˜Ã¨ ½ ¦Ã¥Å½ »Ã¯ ¼Å'è ¡Å'Ã¥ â€"? è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ¸ Ã¨ ¡Å'ï ¼Å'Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¨ ¿Å"ä ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€š ç” ·: Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¯ ¼Å'è ° ¢Ã¨ ° ¢Ã£â‚¬â€š è · ¯Ã¤ º º: ä ¸ Ã¥ ® ¢Ã¦ °â€Ã£â‚¬â€š Procedure: 1. Give students an exercise sheet, with following questions. (A) True or false: tÄ mà ©n xiÇŽng zhÄ «dà  o zÄ•nme qà ¹ yà ­hà ©yuà ¡n a. ä »â€"ä » ¬Ã¦Æ' ³Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© â€œÃ¦â‚¬Å½Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¥Å½ »Ã© ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­ () yà ­hà ©yuà ¡n bà ¹ yuÇŽn b. é ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¿Å" () (B) Answer the following questions: a. Can they get to the Summer Palace by taking bus 379? b. Which direction should they turn to get to the Summer Palace after leaving the bus? c. Why can’t they go to the Summer Palace by bike? 2. Explain to the students that the conversation is about asking for direction, and review the Location Words and Place Expressions of Lesson 8, provide the new vocabulary Summer Palace (é ¢ Ã¥â€™Å'å› ­). 3. Play the tape once, ask the students to do the exercise sheet. 4. Go through the questions, let the students discuss if their answers are different from each other. 5. Ask the students to pay more attention to some of the details related to their answers. Play the tape again. 6. Go through the questions again, give the right answers. 7. Tell the students that they are going to give details about the direction after the listening, so make notes if necessary. Play the tape for third time. 8. Ask students to work as a group to give details of direction so you can draw a map on the board to show how to get to the Summer Palace. 9. Check the answer by listening to the tape again. Reasons for the design and operation of this exercise: This exercise is designed to provide an opportunity for the students to use all-round skills including listening, speaking, reading and writing. By giving tasks in steps, students will gradually understand the listening material to a thorough extent. This will hopefully enable them to use what they learnt in a fluent way. Exercise II: Guest speaker (G White, 1998, P52) Time: 5 minutes in one session, 15-20 minutes in the next session Purpose: To listen for gist and details; to give the students the experience of listening as an audience. Preparation: 1. The teacher dresses up as a Guest speaker. 2. The Guest Speaker writes a brief note for the class, giving a few details about interesting places he has been to. The note can be completely fictitious to make it more fun. E.g. 2005 I went to the Moon for a holiday Procedure: 1. Hand out the copies of the note to the class, put the students in pairs, and ask each pair to think of one question they would like the Speaker to answer. Then the students choose the best 4 questions to be written down. The teacher/the Speaker should not know these questions. 2. Ask the students to think of a list of topics for the Speaker which will be most likely to produce the answers to the questions. Write the topics down. e.g. ‘transportation’, ‘places’ etc. 3. Give the list of topics to the Speaker. These will provide guidelines for him in preparing the talk. If the Speaker can prepare some photographs or slides during his talk, it’ll be more interesting. 4. With the students, practise polite ways of asking questions. Also review vocabulary related to touring and food etc. 5. In the next session, the Speaker gives his talk. The students should listen to see if their questions are answered. 6. If some of the questions have not been answered in the talk, the students could ask the Speaker in a question-and-answer session after the talk. 7. After the Q&A session, go through the questions with the students and check the answers. Reasons for the design and operation of this exercise: This exercise is designed with the intention to train the students to listen to a live talk, as well as speaking spontaneously. To help the students to achieve the best result from this exercise, in the pre-listening phase, the teacher prepares the students for both top-down and bottom-up processing through activities involving handing out the note, reviewing vocabulary, making predictions (preparing the list of topics) and familiarizing the polite ways of asking questions (so to create a more natural language environment). During the talk, students therefore can listen for comprehension by gist listening, selective listening, sequencing etc. In the post-listening phase, questions are asked by the students to elicit answers, and then answers are checked to ensure that students have good comprehension of the talk. This exercise also encourages the students to work together by discussing what questions they want to ask and how to decide the topics accordingly after deciding the questions. This provides a good chance for students to practise words and phrases they grasped so far, especially Direction Words and Places Expressions. Homework: At the end of lesson, give each student a sketch map with banks, post office, bus station, and a park on it. Divide students into three groups, each group will be given a task to describe how to get somewhere from a place. Next lesson, each group will have one student come to the front to tell the whole class. This is to encourage further use of Direction Words and Places Expressions. References J C Richards (2008), Teaching Listening and Speaking From Theory to Practice, Cambridge University Press http://www.cambridge.org/elt/teacher-support/pdf/Richards-Teaching-Listening-Speaking.pdf G. White (1998) Listening, Oxford University Press Zhongwei Wu (2003) Contemporary Chinese I, Sinolingua